Body conformation at birth and teat number are economically important traits in the pig industry, as these traits are usually explored to evaluate the growth and reproductive potential of piglets. To detect genetic loci and candidate genes for these traits, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on 269 pigs from a recently developed Chinese breed (Sushan) using 38,128 informative SNPs on the Affymetrix Porcine SNP 55K Array. In total, we detected one genome-wide significant (P = 1.31E-6) SNP for teat number on chromosome X and 15 chromosome-wide significant SNPs for teat number, body weight, body length, chest circumference and cannon circumference at birth on chromosomes 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 17 and 18 . The most significant SNP had an additive effect of 0.74 total teat number, explaining 20% of phenotypic variance. Five significant SNPs resided in the previously reported quantitative trait loci (QTL) for these traits and seven significant SNPs had pleiotropic effect on multiple traits. Intriguingly, twelve of the nearest genes to the significant SNPs are functionally related to body conformation and teat number traits, including SPRED2, MKX, TMSB4X and ESR1. Gene ontology analysis revealed that candidate genes proximal to the significant SNPs were enriched in the G-protein coupled receptor and steroid hormone mediated signaling pathway. Our findings shed insights into the genetic basis of the measured traits, and provide molecular markers especially for the genetic improvement of teat number in Sushan and its related pigs.